ارزیابی اثر مالچ گندم و سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن بر رشد علف‌های‌هرز و برخی صفات زراعی بادرشبو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زراعت

2 هیئت علمی دانشگاه زنجان

3 سرپرست دانشگاه زنجان

4 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

به منظور شبیه سازی اثر نیتروژن و مالچ گندم بر آلودگی علفهای هرز، عملکرد بادرشبو آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در بهار 1393 انجام شد. فاکتور اول کود نیتروژن در3 سطح عدم کوددهی، و افزودن 50 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار به صورت کود اوره به خاک جهت ایجاد سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و فاکتور دوم مالچ گندم در 4 سطح، عدم استفاده از مالچ به عنوان شاهد، مالچ با وزن 1 ، 5/1 و 2 کیلوگرم در مترمربع بود. یک تیمار نیز به عنوان شاهد عاری از علف هرز (وجین علفهای هرز تا آخر فصل) در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که زیست توده و تراکم علفهای هرز پهن برگ و مجموع علفهای هرز در 70 روز پس از کاشت بطور معنی دار تحت تاثیر مقدار مالچ و اثر متقابل مالچ و نیتروژن قرار گرفت. زیست توده و تراکم علفهای هرز باریک برگ فقط تحت تاثیر مالچ قرار گرفت. در نمونه برداری آخر فصل بالاترین زیست توده علفهای هرز در کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و در شرایط عدم استفاده از مالچ دیده شد. بطور کلی بالاترین تراکم و زیست توده علفهای هرز در تیمار عدم استفاده از مالچ و کمترین آن در تیمار 2 کیلوگرم در مترمربع مالچ گندم مشاهده شد. تداخل علفهای هرز عملکرد بیولوژیک بادرشبو را از 5495 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار شاهد به 852 کیلوگرم در هکتار کاهش داد. بعد از شاهد عاری از علف هرز، بیشترین عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک در تیمار کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن و کاربرد یک کیلوگرم مالچ گندم دیده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the effect of wheat mulch and nitrogen fertilizer on weed growth and some agronomic traits of Dracocephalum moldavica

نویسندگان [English]

  • afsaneh moradian 1
  • Alireza Yousefi 2
1 Master student of agriculture
2
3
4
چکیده [English]

In order to simulate the effects of soil nitrogen and straw mulch on weed infestation and yield of Dracocephalum moldavica; an experiment was conducted in 2014. The first factor was of nitrogen in three levels including non-fertilization, and 50 and 100 kg ha-1 into the soil to create different levels of nitrogen in the soil and the second factor was mulch amount in four levels including: without mulch as a check, mulching with 1, 1.5 and 2 kg m-2. A plot with hand weeding was also considered as a check. Biomass and density of broad-leaved and total weeds at 70 days after planting, significantly affected by the amount of mulch and interactions of mulch× nitrogen. Both density and biomass of grass weed only affect with mulch amount. At the end of the season sampling, biomass of broadleaf and grass weeds was affected by both factors and their interaction as well. While, for total weeds only mulching effects was significant. At the end of the season, the highest broadleaf and grass weeds biomass was observed when 100 kg N ha-1 used without mulching. Overall, plots without mulch and the use of 2 kg m-1 of mulch had the highest and lowest weed biomass, respectively. Compared to, the biological yield of D. moldavica was decreased from 5495 kg ha-1 in to 8525495 kg ha-1 in weedy check. Except for weed free treatment, the highest seed and biological yield was obtained in plot with 100 kg N ha-1 and 1 kg m-2 mulch.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biomass
  • straw mulch
  • weed management
  1. Mozaffarian V-A (1996) Lexicon of Iranian plant names. Publishing Contemporary Vocabulary, Tehran Press: Tehran, Iran.
  2. Abtahi, S. M., Seyed Sharifi, R. & Qaderi, R. (2015). Influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, fertilizer use efficiency, rate and effective grain filling period of soybean (Glycine max L.) in second cropping. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 24(3), 2014.
  3. Allelopathic effects of crop plants on other crop plants. In: Proceedings of 3rd Congress Crop Production Breeding Science, Tabriz University Press,Tabriz, Iran, p. 7 (In Farsi with English Abs.)
  4. Ataure Rahman, M., Chikushi, J., Saifizzaman, M. & Lauren, J. G. (2005). Rice straw mulching and nitrogen of no-till wheat following rice in Bangladesh. Field Crop Research, 91, 71- 81.
  5. Bagheri, A., Nezami, A. & Soltani, M. (2000). Breeding of cool season legumes for tolerance to stress. Publishing Research Organization, Education and Agricultural Extension. 445 pp. (In Farsi).
  6. Bohrani, M.J. (1995). Allelopathic effects of crops on each other. Key articles of the 3rd Iranian Congress of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. Tabriz University. Tabriz. Iran
  7. Bais, H. P., Vepachedu, R., Gilbory, S., Calaway, R. M. & Vivanco,J M. (2003). Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science, 301, 1377-1380.
  8. Bewley, J. D. & Black, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of development and germination. 2nd Ed. (Pp.445)New York and London, Plenum Press.
  9. Bilalis, D., Sidiras, N., Economou, G. & Vakali, C. (2003). Effect of different levels of wheat straw soil surface coverage on weed flora in Vicia faba L. crops. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 189, 233-241.
  10. Blackshaw, R. E., Brandt, R. N., Janzen, H. H., Entz, T., Grant, C. A. & Derksen, D. A. (2003). Differential response of weed species to added nitrogen. Weed Science, 51, 532-539.
  11. Blackshaw, R. E., Moyer, J. R., Doram, R. C. & Boswell, A. L. (2001). Yellow sweet clover, green manure, and its residues effectively suppress weed during fallow. Weed Science, 49, 406- 413.
  12. Bouwmeester, H. J., Derks, L., Keizer, J. J., Karssen, C. M. (1994). Effects of endogenous nitrate content of sisymbrium officinale seeds on germination and dormancy. Acta Botanica. Neerlandica. 43, 39–50.
  13. Dahiya, R., Ingwersen, J. & Streck, T. (2007). The effect of mulching and tillage on the water and temperature regimes of a loess soil: Experimental findings and modeling. Soil and Tillage Research, 96 (1-2), 52-63.
  14. Dastmalchi, K., Dorman, H. G., Kosar, M. & Hiltunen, R. (2007). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water soluble moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract. Food Science Technology, 40(2), 239-248.
  15. Dhima, K. V., Vasilakoglou, I. B., Eleftherohorinos, I. G. & Lithourgidis, A. S. (2006). Allelopathic potential of winter cereals and their cover crop mulch effects on grass weed suppression and corn development. Crop Science, 46, 345-352.
  16. Dotzenko, A. D., Ozkan, M. & Storer, K. R. (1969). Influence of crop sequence, nitrogen fertilizer and herbicides on weed seed populations in sugar beet fields. Agronomy Journal, 61, 34–37.
  17. Eagle, A. J., Bird, J. A., Hill, J. E., Horwath, W. R. & Kessel, C. V. (2001). Nitrogen dynamics and fertilizer use efficiency in rice following straw incorporation and winter flooding. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1346-1354.
  18. Elliot, L. F., McCalla, T. M. & Waiss, A. (1978). Phytotoxicity associated with residue management. In: W. R. Oschwald (Ed), Cropresidue management systems. (pp. 131-146.)
  19. Halasz-Zelnik, K., Hornok, L. & Domokos, J. (1988). Data on the cultivation of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Hungary. Herba Hungarica, 28(1), 49-8.
  20. Harris, D. (2006). Development and testing of ‘on-farm’ seed priming Advan. Agronomy Journal, 90, 129-178.
  21. Hosseini, A., Rashed Mohassel, M. H., Nasiri Mahalati, M. & Haj Mohammad Nia Ghali Baf, K. (2006). Effects of nitrogen and duration of weed interference on performance corn yield components. Journal ofPlant Protection (Agricultural Science and Technology), 23(1), 97-105. (In Farsi)
  22. Jain, P. M., (1990). Effect of split application of nitrogen on fennel. Indian Journal Agronomy, 35, 111-121.
  23. Losak, T. & Richter, R., (2004). Split nitrogen doses and their efficiency in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) nutrition. Plant Soil and Environment, 50(11), 484-488.
  24. Machado, S. (2007).  Allelopathic potential of various plant species on downy brome. Agronomy Journal, 99, 127-132.
  25. Marianne, K., Morten, S. & Beate, S. (2000). Ecological effects of allelopathic plants, a review. NERY.Technical Report No.315.
  26. Meskar bashi, M. A., Bakhshande, M., Nabipour, V. & kashani, A. (2006). The effects of chemical fertilizer residue levels on seed yield and yield components of two type wheat in Ahvaz. Agricultural Scientific Journal, 29(1), 53-67. (In Farsi)
  27. Monzon, J. P., Sadras, V.O. & Andrade, F. H. (2006).Fallow soil evaporation and water storage as affected by stubble in sub-humid (Argentina) and semi-arid (Australia) environments. Filed Crops Research, 98 (2-3), 83-90.
  28. Omodbeigi, R. (2005) Production and processing of medicinal plants (4th ed.). Mashhad: Astan Ghods Razavi Press.. (In Farsi)
  29. Pavlikova, D., Balik, J., Vanek, V., Vostal, J. & Sattin, S. (1994). Influence of different forms of N fertilizers on N uptake by poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). In: Proceedings of 3rd Congress of the European Society for Agronomy, 18-22 Sept., Padova University, Abano- Padova, Italy, pp. 204-205.
  30. Schillinger, W. F. & Young, D. L. (2004). Cropping systems research in the world’s driest rainfed wheat region. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1182-1187.
  31. Shen H., Guo, H. & Huang, G. (2005). Allelopathy of different plants on wheat, cucumber and radish seedlings. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16(4), 740-743.
  32. Singer, J. W., Kohler, K. A., Liebman, M., Richards, T. L., Cambardella, S. C. A. & Buhler, D. D. (2004). Tillage and compost affect yield on corn, soybean and wheat and soil fertility. Agronomy Journal, 96, 531-537.
  33. Thuy, N. H., Shan, Y., Singh, B., Wang, K., Cai, Z., Singh, Y. & Buresh, R. J. (2008). Nitrogen supply in rice-based cropping systems as affected by crop residue management. Soil Science Agronomy Journal, 72, 514-523.
  34. Venskutionis, P. R., Dapkevicius, A. & Baranuauskiene, M. (1995). Flavour composition of some lemon-like aroma herbs from Lithuania. Development in Food Science, 37(1), 833-847.
  35. Zargari, A. (1997). Medicinal Plants (6th ed.). Tehran : Tehran University Publication, pp. 249–265. (In Farsi)