ارزیابی اثر روش های خاک ورزی بر خصوصیات شیمیایی، بیولوژیکی خاک و صفات کمی ذرت علوفه ای در تناوب با نخود

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه لرستان

2 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه لرستان

3 استاد گروه زراعت پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

4 استادیار گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه لرستان

چکیده

به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر روش‌های مختلف خاکورزی بر عملکرد ذرت علوفه ای در تناوب با نخود و خصوصیات شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی خاک، آزمایشی طی دو سال 94-1392 در مزرعه پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران اجرا شد. طرح آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار اجرا شد. عامل اصلی آزمایش شامل سه روش خاک ورزی (خاک‌ورزی متداول، حداقل و کشت مستقیم) و عامل فرعی شامل سه رقم ذرت (SC704 ، Zp677، Maxima) بودند. زمین آزمایش دارای 30 درصد از بقایای نخود روی سطح خاک بود. نتایج نشان داد میزان کربن آلی، اسیدیته خاک، تعداد و وزن کرم خاکی در تیمارهای حداقل و کشت مستقیم نسبت به خاک‌ورزی متداول بالاتر بود، ولی خاک‌ورزی تاثیری بر نیتروژن کل، شوری و سدیم خاک نداشت. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین وزن خشک و تر ساقه، وزن خشک بلال و وزن تر علوفه کل در رقم Zp677 به ترتیب 5/1866، 5/691، 4/664 و 9/4896 گرم در مترمربع مشاهده شد. وزن تر و خشک برگ، وزن تر و خشک بلال و وزن خشک کل در بین تیمار خاک‌ورزی متداول و حداقل اختلاف معنی دار مشاهده نشد. همچنین صفات اندازه گیری شده در تیمار کشت مستقیم نسبت به دیگر تیمار خاک‌ورزی در سال دوم آزمایش افزایش بیشتری داشت. به طوری که بین تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی متداول و کشت مستقیم در سال دوم آزمایش اختلاف آماری معنی داری مشاهده نشد. باتوجه به نتایج، استفاده از خاک ورزی حداقل و کشت مستقیم در تناوب نخود- ذرت می تواند جایگزین خاک‌ورزی متداول گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Soil tillage methods effects on soil chemical and biological properties and quantitative traits of silage maize (Zea mays L.) in rotation with chickpea

نویسنده [English]

  • amin allah mousavi boogar 1
1 دانشگاه لرستان
چکیده [English]

This experiment was done to evaluate the effects of soil tillage methods on chemical and biological properties of the soil along with quantitative traits of silage corn after chickpea as a preceding or companion crop. The experiment was conducted for two cropping years of 2013-15 at farm of Tehran University. The experiment was set up as a split plot in RCBD in four replications. The main factor considered three soil tillage methods (conventional, minimum and no-tillage) and the sub-factor included three varieties of maize (SC704, Zp677, Maxima). The experimental units covered by chickpea residue by at least 30 percent of the surface area. Results showed that the no-tillage and minimum tillage treatments had higher amount of soil organic carbon, pH and number and body mass of earthworm than the conventional tillage treatment. Tillage treatments had no significant effect on measured soil total nitrogen, electrical conductivity and sodium. Also, the highest maize wet and dry stem weight (691.5 and 1866.5 gm-2), Ear dry weight (664.4 gm-2) and total plants wet weight (4896.9 gm-2) observed in Zp677 maize cultivar. Conventional and minimum tillage methods had significant effects on leaf and ear wet and dry weights and total plant dry weight traits. Thus, in the 2nd year of this experiment, no-tillage was more effective than other tillage methods. But, there was no significant effect between no-tillage and conventional tillage treatments in the second year. According to the results, both conservation tillage methods is recommended as replacement methods for conventional tillage in maize/chickpea rotation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • : No-tillage
  • dry weight
  • Organic carbon
  • Soil nitrogen
  1. Al-Kaisi, M. & Licht, M.A. (2004). Effect of strip tillage on corn nitrogen uptake and residual soil nitrate accumulation compared with no-tillage and chisel plow. Agronomy Journal, 96(4), 1164-1171.
  2. Alvarez, R., Díaz, R.A., Barbero, N., Santanatoglia, O.J. Blotta, L. (1995). Soil organic carbon, microbial biomass and CO2-C production from three tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research. 33, 17-28.
  3. Aziz, I., Mahmood, T., Raut, Y., Lewis, W., Islam, R. Weil, R.R. (2013). Active organic matter as a simple measure of field soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 131, 28–35.
  4. Barzegar, A. R., Asoodar, M. A. Khadish, A. & Hashemi. A. M. (2003) Soil physical characteristics and chickpea yield responses to tillage treatments. Soil and Tillage Research, 71: 49-57.
  5. Bayer, C., Martin-Neto, L., Mielniczuk, J., Pillon, C.N. Sangoi, L. (2001). Changes in soil organic matter fractions under subtropical no-till cropping system. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65, 1473-1478.
  6. Bear, M.H. & Hendrix, P.F. (1994). Water stable aggregates and organic carbon fractions in conventional and no tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58: 777-786.
  7. Beyaert, R.P., Schott, J.W. & White, PH,. (2002). Tillage effect on corn production in a Coarse-Textured soil in Southern Ontario. Agronomy Journal, 94: 767-774.
  8. Bhattacharyya, R., Kundu, S., Pandey, S.C., Singh, K.P. Gupta, H.S. (2008). Tillage and irrigation effects on crop yields and soil properties under the rice-wheat system in the Indian Himalayas. Agriculture water management, 95, 993-1002.
  9. Borie, F., Rubio, R., Rouanet, J.L., Morales, A., Borie, G., Rojas, C. (2006). Effects of tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in a Chilean Ultisol. Soil and Tillage Research, 88, 253-261.
  10. Burr, I.W. Foster, L.A., (1972). A Test for Equality of Variances. University of Purdue, West Lafayette, USA (26 Mimeo series, 282).
  11. Burt, R. (2004). Soil survey laboratory methods manual. NRCS Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42.
  12. Carbtree, R.J., Parter, J.D. & Mbolde, P. (1990). Long term wheat, soybean and grain sorghum double cropping under rain-fed conditions. Agronomy Journal, 82: 683-686.
  13. Carter, M.R. & Rennie, D.A. (1982). Changes in soil quality under zero tillage farming system: distribution of microbial biomass and mineralizable C and N potential. Canadian journal of soil science,  62: 587-597.
  14. Carter, M.R. Stewart, B.A. (1996). Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 182-245.
  15. Cassel, C.W. & Raczkowski, D.K. (1995). Tillage effects on corn production and soil physical conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59: 1436-1443.
  16. Celik, I., Barut, Z.B., Ortas, I., Gok, M., Demirbas, A., Tulun, Y. & Akpinar, C. (2011). Impacts of different tillage practices on some soil microbiological properties and crop yield under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. International Journal of Plant Production, 5 (3): 237-254.
  17. Copeland, P. J., Allmaras, R. R., Crookston, R. H. & Nelson, W. W. (1993). Corn, Soybean rotation effects on soil water depletion. Agronomy Journal, 85: 203-210.
  18. Duiker, S.W. & Curran, W.S. (2005) Rye cover crop management for corn production in the northern mid-atlantic region. Agronomy Journal, 97: 1413-1418.
  19. Franchini, J.C., Debiasi, H., Balbinot Junior, A.A., Tonon, B.C., Boucas Farias, J.R., de Oliveira, M.C.N. Torres E. (2012). Evolution of crop yields in different tillage and cropping systems over two decades in southern. Brazil. Field Crops Research, 137:178–185.
  20. Fuentes, M., Baigorri, R and González-gaitano, G. (2016). New methodology to assess the quantity and quality of humic substances in organic materials and commercial products for agriculture. Journal Soils Sediments, 11368-016-1514-2.
  21. Ghanbaryan Alavijeh H. R., Ahmadi Chenarbon, H., Zand B. (2013). Effect of different tillage methods on soil physical properties and yield of two varieties of forage maize in varamin province. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 6-15:1092-1098.
  22. Haddadi, MH., (2016). The effects of tillage system and varieties on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences,5-1: 16-20
  23. Halvorson, A.D., Mosier, A.R., Reule, C.A., & Bausch, W.C. (2006). Nitrogen and tillage effects on irrigated continuous corn yields. Agronomy Journal, 98: 63-71.
  24. Hammel, J.E. (1995). Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on winter production in northern Idaho. Agronomy Journal, 87: 16-22.
  25. Heenan, DP., WJ. Mcghie, & Thomson FM. (1995). Decline in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in relation to tillage, stubble management and rotation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 35 (7): 877-884
  26. Heggenstaller, A.H., Anex, R.P., Liebman, M., Sundberg, D.N. & Gibson, L.R. (2008). Productivity and nutrient dynamics in bioenergy double-cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 100: 1740-1748.
  27. Hösl, R. & Strauss, P. (2016). Conservation tillage practices in the alpine forelands of Austria- Are they effective? Catena,  137 :44- 51.
  28. Institute, S.A.S. (2001). Proprietary of Software, Version 8.2, 6th ed. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
  29. Irfan, A., Tariq, M. Rafiq Islam, K., (2013). Effect of long term no-till and conventional tillage practices on soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 131, 28–35.
  30. Izquierdo, I., Caravaca, F., Alguacil, M.M. Roldan, A. (2003). Changes in physical and biological soil quality indicators in a tropical crop system (Havana, Cuba) in response to different agro ecological management practices. Journal of Environmental Management, 32, 639-645.
  31. Kalra, Y.P. Maynard, D.G. (1994). Particle-size analysis. Methods Manual for Forest Soil and Plant Analysis. Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Inform Repo NOR-X-319, 42–53.
  32. Lal, R. & Mahboubi, A. (1994). Long term tillage and rotation effects on properties of central Ohio soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, J. 58: 517-522.
  33. Licht, M.A. & Al-Kaisi, M. (2005). Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties.. Soil & Tillage Research, 80(1), 233-249.
  34. Limon-Ortega, A., Sayer, K. D., Drijber, R. A. & Francis, C. A. (2002). Soil attributes in a furrow- irrigated bed planting system in north-west Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research, 63: 123-132.
  35. Limon-Ortega, A., Sayre, K.D. & Francis, C.A. (2000). Wheat and maize yields in response to straw management and nitrogen under a bed planting system. Agronomy Journal, 92: 295-302.
  36. López-Fando, C. & Pardo, M.T. (2009): Changes in soil chemical characteristics with different tillage practices in a semi-arid environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 104: 278–284.
  37. Lund, M. G., Carter, P. R. and Oplinger, E. S. 1993. Tillage and crop rotation affect corn, soybean, and winter wheat yields. Journal of Production Agriculture, 6: 207 213.
  38. Meisinger, J. J., Bandel, V. A., Stanford, G. & Legg, J. O. (1985). Nitrogen utilization of corn under minimal tillage and moldboard plow tillage. I. Four-year results using labeled N fertilizer on an Atlantic coastal plain soil. Agronomy Journal, 77(4): 602-611.
  39. Mercau, J.L., Sadras, V.O., Satorre, E.H., Balbi, C., Uriblarrea, M. & Hall, A.J. (2001). On-farm assessment of regional and seasonal variation in sunflower yield in Argentina. Agricultural Systems, 67: 83-103.
  40. Mock, J.J. & Erbach, D.E. (1977). Influence of conversation tillage environments on growth and productivity of corn. Agronomy Journal, 69: 337-340.
  41. Mohammad Hossein Haddadi, (2016). The Effects of Tillage System and Varieties on Yield and Yield Components of Corn (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 16-20: 16-20.
  42. Morachan, Y.B., Molden hauer, W.C. & Larson, W.E. (1972). Effects of increasing amounts of organic residue on continuous corn: I. Yield and soil physical properties. Agronomy Journal, 64: 199-203
  43. Najafinezhad, A., Javaheri, MA., Gheibi, M. & Rostamia, MA. (2007). Influence of Tillage Practices on the grain yield of maize and some soil properties in maize-wheat cropping system of Iran. Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, 3(3): 1813-2235.
  44. Nielsen, RL., Thomison, PR., Brown, GA. & Halter, AL. (1994). Hybrid maturity selection for delayed planting: Do GDD maturity ratings help? P. 191-205. In: Rep. Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Res. Conf., 49th, Chicago. 7-8 Dec. American Seed Trade Association, Washigton, DC.
  45. Omidi, H., Tahmasebi, Z., Torobi, H. Miransari, M. (2008). Soil enzymatic activities and available P and Zn as affected by tillage practices, canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars and planting dates. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44, 443-450.
  46. Ozpinar, S. & Cay, A. (2006). Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and crop productivity of a clay– loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey, Soil and Tillage Research,  88 (1–2): 95–106.
  47. Raimbault, B.A. & Vyn. T.J. (1991). Crop rotation and tillage effects on corn growth and soil structural stability. Agronomy Journal,  83:979-985.
  48. Rashidi, M. & Keshavarzpour, F. (2009). Effect of Different Tillage Methods on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.), International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9 (2): 274–277.
  49. Schillinger, W. F., Young, D. L., Kennedy, A. C. paulitz, T. C., (2010). Diverse no-till irrigated crop rotations instead of burning and plowing continuous wheat. Field Crops Research, 115 (1): 39-49.
  50. Shahkarami, G. & Rafiee, M. (2009). Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to planting pattern and density in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science, 5: 69-73.
  51. Shapiro, S.S. Wilk, M.B. (1965). An analysis ofvariance test for normality. Biometrika, 52: 591–611.
  52. Tebrügge, F., Düring, R.A., (1999). Reducing tillage intensity- a review of rusults from a long-term study in Germany. Soil and Tillage Research, 53, 15-28.
  53. Webber, C.L., Gebhardt, M.R. & Kerr, H.D. (1987). Effect of tillage on soybean growth and production. Agronomy Journal, 79: 952-956.
  54. Yang, X., Chen, C., Luo, Q., Li, L. Yu, Q. (2011). Climate change effects on wheat yield and water use in oasis cropland. International Journal of Plant Production, 5: 83-94.