بررسی عملکرد و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیک ذرت و سورگوم در دو شرایط آبیاری و کاربرد پسماندهای جو، زئولیت و پلیمر سوپرجاذب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

2 دانشیار گروه زراعت دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 استاد گروه زراعت، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیک ذرت و سورگوم در شرایط تنش خشکی و کاربرد پسماندهای (بقایای) جو، زئولیت و پلیمرسوپرجاذب آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل­ اسپلیت در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و در شرایط کمترین ‌خاکورزی به‌مدت دو سال (1391-1392) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی جوپار در کرمان انجام ‌شد. شرایط (رژیم) آبیاری در دو سطح شامل آبیاری معمول (نرمال) و تنش‌ خشکی (به‌ترتیب آبیاری براساس­ 70 و 140 میلی­متر تبخیر تجمعی از طشت تبخیر کلاس A) ­و تیمارهای نوع گیاه شامل ذرت و سورگوم به­ صورت فاکتوریل و به‌عنوان عامل اصلی در نظر گرفته ‌شدند. تیمارهای ترکیبی پسماندهای جو­، زئولیت و پلیمر سوپر­­جاذب­ در پنج سطح به‌عنوان عامل­ فرعی به‌شرح زیر بودند: الف) 5/4 تن پسماندها +10 تن زئولیت در هکتار (ZR)، ب) 5/4 تن پسماندها+60 کیلو­گرم پلیمر سوپرجاذب­ در هکتار (SR)،  ج) 5/4 تن پسماندها + 5 تن زئولیت +30 کیلو­­گرم سوپرجاذب در هکتار (ZSR)، د) 5/4 تن پسماندها در هکتار (R)، ه) شاهد (C). براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده تنش خشکی در هر دو گیاه عملکرد علوفه و عملکرد کوانتومی نظام‌نوری (فتوسیستم (IIرا به‌طور معنیداری کاهش داد. میزان علوفۀ تر ذرت و سورگوم (چین اول) به‌ترتیب 8/62 و 3/49 تن در هکتار بود که برتری ذرت در نود روز اول فصل رشد را  نشان ‌داد. تیمار کاربرد 10 تن زئولیت به‌همراه پسماندها بیشترین عملکرد علوفه و تیمار شاهد کمترین عملکرد علوفه، عملکرد کوانتومی نظام‌نوری و محتوای رطوبت خاک را داشت. در اغلب صفات مورد بررسی تفاوتی بین تیمار کاربرد پسماندها به‌تنهایی با تیمارهای ترکیبی پسماندها با زئولیت و پلیمر سوپرجاذب وجود نداشت. براساس نتایج این بررسی برای کشت دوم منطقۀ معتدل در شرایط کمترین خاکورزی، کشت ذرت و همچنین کاربرد 10 تن زئولیت و 5/4 تن پسماندها در هکتار توصیه میشود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Two Irrigation Regimes and Application of Barley Residue, Zeolite and Superabsorbent Polymer on Forage Yield and some Physiological Traits of Maize and Sorghum

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid Najafinezhad 1
  • Zynolabedin Tahmasebi sarvestani 2
  • Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres Sanavy 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate professor in tarbiat modares univer sity
3 Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

To study the effects of two irrigation regimes and application of barley residue, zeolite and superabsorbent polymer on forage yield and some physiological traits of maize and sorghum, an experiment was conducted over two years in Kerman, Iran. A randomized complete block design arranged in a factorial split was used with three replications. Two irrigation regimes of normal irrigation and water deficit stress based on 70 mm and 140 mm cumulative pan evaporation, respectively and two plant species (maize and sorghum) as factorial combinations were compared in main plots. Five combination treatments of barley residue, zeolite, and superabsorbent polymer,  (I) -10 t ha-1 zeolite plus 4.5 t ha-1 residue (ZR), (II) - 60 kg ha-1 superabsorbent plus 4.5 t ha-1 residue (SR), (III) - 5 t ha-1 zeolite plus 30 kg ha-1 superabsorbent plus 4.5 t ha-1 residue (ZSR), (IV) - 4.5 t ha-1 residue (R), and (V) – control (C), were compared in subplots. In maize, forage yield, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and chlorophyll concentration and in sorghum forage yield and Fv/Fm decreased significantly under water deficit stress. Maize produced higher forage yield (62.8 t ha-1) than sorghum (49.3 t ha-1). The application of 10 t ha-1 zeolite plus 4.5 t ha-1 residues (ZR) had the highest forage yield, and the control treatment had the lowest forage yield, soil water content and Fv/Fm. In most traits, there were no significant differences between the residue treatment (R) and the combination treatments of residue with the zeolite and super absorbent polymer. Maize planting associated with the application of 10 t ha-1 of zeolite plus 4.5 t ha-1 residues is recommended in a double-cropping system in Kerman.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • maize
  • Sorghum
  • yield
  • Drought stress
  • crop residue
  • zeolite
  • superabsorbent polymer
  1. Anjum, S.A., Wang, L.C., Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Xue, L.L. & Zou, C.M. (2011). Brassinolide application improves the drought tolerance in maize through modulation of enzymatic antioxidants and leaf gas exchange. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197, 177-185.
  2. Araus, J.L., Amaro, T., Voltas, J., Nakkoul, H. & Nachit, M. M. (1998). Chlorophyll fluorescence as a selection criterion for grain yield in durum wheat under mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research, 55, 209-223.
  3. Arji, I. & Arzani, K. (2008). Effect of water stress on some biochemical changes in leaf of five olive (Olea europaea  L.) cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 791, 523-526.
  4. Baker, N.R. & Rosenqvist, E. (2004). Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an examination of future possibilities. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 1607-1621.
  5. Bernardi, A. C. C., Souza, G.B.D., Polidoro, J.C., Paiva, P.R.P. & Mello, M.B.D. (2011). Yield, quality components, and nitrogen levels of silage maize fertilized with urea and zeolite. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42, 1-10.
  6. Bilger, W., Schreiber, U. & Bock, M. (1995). Determination of the quantum efficiency of photosystemII and of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the field. Oecologia, 102(4), 425-432.
  7. Fazeli Rostampour, M., Yarnia, M. & Farokhzadeh Khoee, R. (2012). Effect of superab A200 and drought stress on dry matter yield in forage sorghum. American –Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 12 (2), 231-236.
  8. Fotouhi, K., Ahmdaly, J., Noorjo, A., Pedram, A. & Khorshid, A. (2008). Irrigation management under water discharge permit at the different stages of sugar beet grown in Miandoab region. Journal of Sugar Beet, 24 (1), 43-60 (in Farsi).
  9. Hunt, R. (1990). Basic growth analysis. Plant growth analysis for beginners. London: Unwin Hyman.
  10. Jiang, Y. & Huang, B. (2001). Osmotic adjustment and root growth associated with drought pre-conditioning enhanced heat tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science, 41, 1168-1173.
  11. Khalesro, S., Aghaalikhani, M. & Moddares Sanavy, S.A.M. (2010). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of forage maize, pearl millet and sorghum in double-cropping system. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7(6), 930-938. (In Farsi)
  12. Lauer, M. J. & Boyer, J. S. (1992). Internal CO2 measures directly in leaves: ABA and low leaf water potential cause opposing effects. Plant Physiology, 98, 1010-1016.
  13. Lu, Q., Lu, C., Zhang, J. & Kuang, T. (2002). Photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence during flag leaf senescence of field-grown wheat plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 159, 1173-1178.
  14. Mahdavi, B. (2011). Evaluate the interaction of Chitosan and zeolite on phenology and yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress. Ph. D. dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)
  15. Mao, S., Islam, M.R., Hu, Y., Qian, X., Chen, F. & Xue., X. (2011). Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in Maize (Zea mays L.) following soil application of super absorbent polymer at different fertilizer regimes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (49), 1000-1008.
  16. Massacci, A., Nabiev, S.M., Pietrosanti, L., Nematov, S.K., Chernikova, T.N., Thor, K. & Leipner, J. (2008). Response of the photosynthetic apparatus of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to the onset of drought stress under field conditions studied by gas-exchange analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 46, 189–195.
  17. Mumpton, F. A. (1999).Uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 3463-3470.
  18. Naseri, M., Khalatbari, M. & Paknejad, F. (2012). Evaluate the effect of different ranges Zeolite consuming on yield and yield component and physiological characteristics of grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench) Var. Kimiya under water deficit stress. Annals of Biological Research, 3 (7), 3547-3550.
  19. Nazari, H., Zardashti, M.R., Darvishzadeh, R. & Najafi, S. (2010). The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits on sunflower. Nodulescientia Biologicae, 2(4), 53-58.
  20. Paknejad, F., Majidi Heravan, E., Noor Mohammadi, Q., Siyadat, A. & Vazan, S. (2007). Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 5 (4), 162-169.
  21. Polat, E., Karaca, M., Demir, H. & Naci Onus, A. (2004). Use of natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite) in agriculture. Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 12, 183-189.
  22. Sairam, R.K. & Siravastava, G.C. (2002). Changes in antioxidant activity in sub cellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long term salt stress. Journal of Plant Science, 162, 897-907.
  23. Sepehri, A., Moddares Sanavy, S.A.M., Gherehyazy, B. & Yamini, Y. (2002). Effect of Water Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer on growth and development stages, yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 3 (4), 184-20 (In Farsi).
  24. Shao, H.B., Chu, L.Y., Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Panneerselvam, R. & Shao, M.A. (2009). Understanding water deficit stress-induced changes in the basic metabolism of higher plants-biotechnologically and sustainably improving agriculture and the Eco environment in arid regions of the globe. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 29, 131-151.
  25. Tolstikh, L. I., Akimov, N. I., Golubeva, I. A. and Shvetsov, I. A. 1992. Degradation and stabilization of polyacrylamide in polymer flooding conditions. International Journal of Polymeric, 17, 177-193.
  26. Wicks, G. A., Crutchfield, D. A. & Burnside, O. C. (1994). Influence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw mulch and metolachlor on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and yield. Weed Science, 42, 141-147.