تأثیر نیتروژن بر کارایی استفاده از آب باران، کارایی زراعی نیتروژن و تخلیۀ رطوبت خاک تحت کشت گندم دیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کردستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، سنندج، ایران و دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران

2 استاد، گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

3 استادیار، مؤسسۀ تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور

4 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر میزان و زمان کاربرد نیتروژن بر عملکرد دانه، کارایی استفاده از آب باران، کارایی زراعی نیتروژن و تخلیۀ رطوبت خاک تحت کشت گندم دیم، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت­های یک‌بار خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار به مدت دو سال زراعی (93-1391) در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی دیم قاملو در استان کردستان اجرا شد. عامل اصلی آزمایش سه زمان کاربرد نیتروژن کل در پاییز، 3/2 در پاییز + 3/1در بهار و 2/1 در پاییز +  2/1 در بهار و عامل فرعی پنج سطح نیتروژن شامل 0، 30، 60، 90 و 120 کیلوگرم در هکتار بودند. رطوبت وزنی خاک در پنج مرحله از رشد گندم دیم از اعماق 20-0، 40-20 و60–40 سانتی‌متری تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل زمان و سطوح نیتروژن بر عملکرد دانه معنی­دار بود. اثر سطوح نیتروژن بر کارایی استفاده از آب، کارایی زراعی نیتروژن و تخلیۀ رطوبت از خاک معنی­دار بود. کاربرد کل 60 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن در پاییز با افزایش82 درصدی عملکرد دانه و با کارایی استفاده از آب 44/15کیلوگرم بر میلی­متر در هکتار و کارایی زراعی نیتروژن 25 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم، بهترین ترکیب تیماری بود. با کاربرد نیتروژن، تخلیۀ رطوبت از خاک در پنجه­دهی، از سطح تا عمق 40 سانتی‌متری خاک آغاز و در ساقه­دهی به عمق 60 سانتی‌متری گسترش و در ظهور سنبله و گلدهی، تداوم و در رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک پایان یافت. تخلیۀ رطوبت ناشی از کاربرد نیتروژن از دو عمق20-40 و 40-60 سانتی‌متری خاک به ترتیب 36/12 و 85/27 درصد از افزایش عملکرد دانه را توجیه کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of nitrogen on water use efficiency of rain, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and soil moisture depletion under rainfed wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Hossein Sedri 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
  • Vali Fieziasl 3
  • Adel Sioseh-Mardeh 4
1 Assistant Professor of Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran, and Ph.D. Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Maragheh, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran
چکیده [English]

In order to study the effects of rate and application time of nitrogen on grain yield of rainfed wheat, water use efficiency of rain (WUE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and soil moisture depletion (SMD), one experimental farm was carried out in Kurdistan province during 2012-2014. Tratments were five rates of nitrogen (N0, N30, N60, N90 and N120) kg.ha-1 as Urea with three application times, consist of T1 (Total in the fall), T2 (2/3 in the fall+2/3 in the spring), T3 (1/2 in the fall+1/2 in the spring) with three replications as split plot arrangments, based on randomized complete block design. Annual precipitations were 256.1 and 294 mm respectively. Soil moisture measured in 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths in five growth stages of wheat. Results shown interaction effects of timing and nitrogen rates on grain yield was significantly.The effect of nitrogen rates were significantly on WUE, NAE and SMD at (P<0.01). Fall application of 60 kg.ha-1 nitrogen with increseing grain yield realative check (82%), WUE (15.44 kg.mm-1.ha-1) and NAE (25 kg.kg-1) was the best treatment. Soil moisture depletion was effected by nitrogen, so SMD started initially from tillering to stem extention from soil surface to 40 cm depth, then SMD continued to head visible and flowering of rainfed wheat in 60 cm soil depth, at last in physiological ripening stage, soil moisture was completly depleted in throuought of 0-60 cm soil depth. Nitrogen promoted the synergistic effect between nitrogen uptake and absortion of soil water. Soil mouisture depletion due to nitrogen application in 20-40 and 40-60 cm depth explained increasing of grain yield 12.36% and 27.85% respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • efficiency of water
  • soil moisture depletion
  • rainfed condition

مراجع

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 12 آبان 1394
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 07 بهمن 1394
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 10 بهمن 1394
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 آذر 1395

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