Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 10 22 Agronomic and Morpho-Physiologic Responses of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) to Sowing Dates under Cold Winter Regions Agronomic and Morpho-Physiologic Responses of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) to Sowing Dates under Cold Winter Regions 1 12 99147 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.368007.655043 FA Mehdi Joudi Department of Plant Science and Medicinal Herbs, Meshgin-Shahr Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-4042-8584 Journal Article 2023 11 15 Little is known about growth and cultivation of black cumin in cold winter regions of Iran. This research aimed to study the effect of sowing dates on agronomic and morph-physiologic traits of black cumin cultivated in Meshginshahr-Ardabil. The experiment was performed at the research farm of Meshginshahr College of Agriculture based on RCBD with three replications during 2021-2022. The seeds of black cumin were cultivated on four dates of sowing: 17 October, 22 December, 3 March, and 15 April. Results showed that the effects of the date of sowing were significant on grain and biological yield per plant, number of capsules as well as grain per plant. The highest values of these traits were observed in the fall and winter dates of sowing whereas the opposite was found in the spring date of sowing. Hundred-grain weight, test weight, and partitioning of dry matter to the different organs were not affected by the date of sowing. A positive and significant correlation was found between grain yield and biological yield per plant (r=0.96). Similarly, grain yield per plant correlated positively and significantly with the number of capsules (r=0.92) and grain per plant (r=0.96). No significant association was found between grain yield per plant and hundred-grain weight (r= –0.01), suggesting that grain yield in black cumin is regulated more by grain number than grain weight. According to the results, there is the possibility for autumn cultivation of black cumin in the area with cold winters. In case, the seedling of black cumin is established on time, they will be able to tolerate the freezing conditions. Little is known about growth and cultivation of black cumin in cold winter regions of Iran. This research aimed to study the effect of sowing dates on agronomic and morph-physiologic traits of black cumin cultivated in Meshginshahr-Ardabil. The experiment was performed at the research farm of Meshginshahr College of Agriculture based on RCBD with three replications during 2021-2022. The seeds of black cumin were cultivated on four dates of sowing: 17 October, 22 December, 3 March, and 15 April. Results showed that the effects of the date of sowing were significant on grain and biological yield per plant, number of capsules as well as grain per plant. The highest values of these traits were observed in the fall and winter dates of sowing whereas the opposite was found in the spring date of sowing. Hundred-grain weight, test weight, and partitioning of dry matter to the different organs were not affected by the date of sowing. A positive and significant correlation was found between grain yield and biological yield per plant (r=0.96). Similarly, grain yield per plant correlated positively and significantly with the number of capsules (r=0.92) and grain per plant (r=0.96). No significant association was found between grain yield per plant and hundred-grain weight (r= –0.01), suggesting that grain yield in black cumin is regulated more by grain number than grain weight. According to the results, there is the possibility for autumn cultivation of black cumin in the area with cold winters. In case, the seedling of black cumin is established on time, they will be able to tolerate the freezing conditions.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99147_eb51727cd6e697842c08dd7b4112c71e.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 10 22 The Effect of Silica and Selenium Foliar Application in Combination with Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Vegetative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) The Effect of Silica and Selenium Foliar Application in Combination with Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Vegetative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) 13 30 99148 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.369037.655050 FA Gholam Reza Afshar Lo Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. 0009-0001-3006-457X Soran Sharafi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. 0000-0001-7092-6827 Hamze Hamze Sugar Beet Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamedan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Hamedan, Iran. 0000-0002-0134-0029 Journal Article 2023 12 02 To investigate the effect of silica and selenium foliar application along with chemical and organic fertilizers on sugar beet, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2022 in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Mahabad. The main plot was fertilizer treatments (NPK fertilizer, vermicompost, and control (without fertilizer)), and the sub-plot factor was foliar application treatment (including silica, selenium, silica+selenium, and control). Results showed that treatment NPK fertilizer with increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, sugar content, and white sugar content by 26.02%, 27.42%, 55.60%, 7.48%, 23.90%, and 29.47%, compared with control treatment, respectively. Also, silica foliar application increased the above-mentioned traits by 11.94%, 29.25%, 82.48%, 26.11%, 11.17%, and 22.33%, compared with the control treatment. The results showed that silica foliar application with NPK fertilizer and vermicompost treatments had the highest leaf area index (5.10 and 4.8, respectively), root yield (76.83 and 46.27 t/ha, respectively), sugar yield (14.81 and 14.38 t/ha) and white sugar yield (11.84 and 11.39 t/ha, respectively). In this study, silica foliar application treatment, along with NPK chemical fertilizer and vermicompost treatments, increased white sugar yield compared to NPK fertilizer and non-foliar applications. Therefore, it can be stated that using silica in combination with NPK fertilizer and vermicompost positively affected the improvement of white sugar yield. To investigate the effect of silica and selenium foliar application along with chemical and organic fertilizers on sugar beet, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2022 in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Mahabad. The main plot was fertilizer treatments (NPK fertilizer, vermicompost, and control (without fertilizer)), and the sub-plot factor was foliar application treatment (including silica, selenium, silica+selenium, and control). Results showed that treatment NPK fertilizer with increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, sugar content, and white sugar content by 26.02%, 27.42%, 55.60%, 7.48%, 23.90%, and 29.47%, compared with control treatment, respectively. Also, silica foliar application increased the above-mentioned traits by 11.94%, 29.25%, 82.48%, 26.11%, 11.17%, and 22.33%, compared with the control treatment. The results showed that silica foliar application with NPK fertilizer and vermicompost treatments had the highest leaf area index (5.10 and 4.8, respectively), root yield (76.83 and 46.27 t/ha, respectively), sugar yield (14.81 and 14.38 t/ha) and white sugar yield (11.84 and 11.39 t/ha, respectively). In this study, silica foliar application treatment, along with NPK chemical fertilizer and vermicompost treatments, increased white sugar yield compared to NPK fertilizer and non-foliar applications. Therefore, it can be stated that using silica in combination with NPK fertilizer and vermicompost positively affected the improvement of white sugar yield.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99148_b983fa39726c5fe55ed6a1e29a3344db.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 The effect of tillage systems and planting density on yield and yield components of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) The effect of tillage systems and planting density on yield and yield components of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) 31 44 99286 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.339551.654901 FA Aliasghar Aghamohammadi Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran Mohammad Reza Jahansouz Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran 0000-0001-8536-5911 Akbar Seifi Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran 0000-0002-1556-5309 Sorayya Navid Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran Seyed Mohammad Bagher Hoseini, Associate Professor , Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran 0000-0002-7138-8722 Journal Article 2022 03 13 In order to investigate the effect of different tillage systems and planting density on yield and yield components of some of barley cultivars, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of University of Tehran in 2016-2017. Experiment was conducted as split-split plot experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with four replications The main plot was the different systems of tillage and the sub-plot were included three barley cultivars (Bahman, Nik and Nosrat) and the sub-sub plot included three planting densities (320, 400 and 470 plants per m2). the Nik cultivar in conventional tillage (9765 kg.ha-1) and no-tillage (9030 kg.ha-1) and Bahman cultivar in the reduced tillage system (8574 kg ha-1) had the highest grain yield. Even though Nusrat cultivar had more 1000 seed weight (38.4 g) than Nik cultivar and Bahman, but due to the lower number of fertile tillers, the number of seeds per spike and the number of fertile spikes per plant, that had lower the yield and harvest index in different tillage systems and planting densities. In the density of 320 and 400 plants per m2, no significant difference was observed in harvest index, and with the increase in density from 400 to 470 plants per m2, the harvest index decreased from 50.7 to 46.3%. Therefore, the cultivation of Nik in conventional tillage and no-tillage systems and Bahman in reduced tillage system and at the optimal density can lead the way in increasing grain production in Alborz province. In order to investigate the effect of different tillage systems and planting density on yield and yield components of some of barley cultivars, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of University of Tehran in 2016-2017. Experiment was conducted as split-split plot experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with four replications The main plot was the different systems of tillage and the sub-plot were included three barley cultivars (Bahman, Nik and Nosrat) and the sub-sub plot included three planting densities (320, 400 and 470 plants per m2). the Nik cultivar in conventional tillage (9765 kg.ha-1) and no-tillage (9030 kg.ha-1) and Bahman cultivar in the reduced tillage system (8574 kg ha-1) had the highest grain yield. Even though Nusrat cultivar had more 1000 seed weight (38.4 g) than Nik cultivar and Bahman, but due to the lower number of fertile tillers, the number of seeds per spike and the number of fertile spikes per plant, that had lower the yield and harvest index in different tillage systems and planting densities. In the density of 320 and 400 plants per m2, no significant difference was observed in harvest index, and with the increase in density from 400 to 470 plants per m2, the harvest index decreased from 50.7 to 46.3%. Therefore, the cultivation of Nik in conventional tillage and no-tillage systems and Bahman in reduced tillage system and at the optimal density can lead the way in increasing grain production in Alborz province.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99286_af05afa5845577fd1b2ada9b2a0de515.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Effect of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiological Parameters in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes Effect of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiological Parameters in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes 45 71 99285 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.360346.655010 FA Farzane Safdari M.Sc. Student, Department of Agrotechnology , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, Jafar Nabati Assistant Professor, Department of Legume, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-0483-7003 Ahmad Nezami Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 0000-0001-9490-6935 Mohammad Javad Ahmadi Lahijani Assistant Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2023 06 06 The pressure on water resources has led to a decrease in water quality, and salinity stress has become a significant challenge for agriculture. In order to investigate the effect of salinity stress on chickpea growth, a study was conducted in a greenhouse at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2020. The study followed a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Salinity was applied to the main plots at two levels (12 and 16 dSm-1) of sodium chloride, and control 0.5 dSm-1 (tap water) was also used. Additionally, 70 chickpea genotypes were placed in the subplots. Four weeks after applying stress and before flowering in salinity levels of 12 and 16 dSm-1, 65 and 28 genotypes, respectively, had a survival rate of 76-00%. In the salinity level of 12 dSm-1, with a decrease in the survival rate, the average content of total photosynthetic pigments also decreased, and the highest average was related to the survival range of 100-76%. In salinity levels of 12 and 16 dSm-1, with a decrease in the survival rate, the soluble carbohydrates also decreased. With an increase in salinity from 12 to 16 dSm-1, shoot dry weight decreased by 15%, 11%, 36%, and 14% in the survival ranges of 0-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100%, respectively. With an increase in salinity from 12 to 16 dSm-1, the sodium concentration increased by 3%, 10%, 30%, and 4% in the survival ranges of 0-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100%, respectively. In the salinity level of 12 dSm-1, genotype MCC1484, and in the salinity level of 16 dSm-1, genotypes including MCC1467 and MCC1834 were superior to other genotypes in most of the studied traits, which can be used for further studies. On the other hand, cluster analysis results showed that the third group, with 28 genotypes, had the highest survival rate. The pressure on water resources has led to a decrease in water quality, and salinity stress has become a significant challenge for agriculture. In order to investigate the effect of salinity stress on chickpea growth, a study was conducted in a greenhouse at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2020. The study followed a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Salinity was applied to the main plots at two levels (12 and 16 dSm-1) of sodium chloride, and control 0.5 dSm-1 (tap water) was also used. Additionally, 70 chickpea genotypes were placed in the subplots. Four weeks after applying stress and before flowering in salinity levels of 12 and 16 dSm-1, 65 and 28 genotypes, respectively, had a survival rate of 76-00%. In the salinity level of 12 dSm-1, with a decrease in the survival rate, the average content of total photosynthetic pigments also decreased, and the highest average was related to the survival range of 100-76%. In salinity levels of 12 and 16 dSm-1, with a decrease in the survival rate, the soluble carbohydrates also decreased. With an increase in salinity from 12 to 16 dSm-1, shoot dry weight decreased by 15%, 11%, 36%, and 14% in the survival ranges of 0-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100%, respectively. With an increase in salinity from 12 to 16 dSm-1, the sodium concentration increased by 3%, 10%, 30%, and 4% in the survival ranges of 0-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100%, respectively. In the salinity level of 12 dSm-1, genotype MCC1484, and in the salinity level of 16 dSm-1, genotypes including MCC1467 and MCC1834 were superior to other genotypes in most of the studied traits, which can be used for further studies. On the other hand, cluster analysis results showed that the third group, with 28 genotypes, had the highest survival rate.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99285_58552e30a290f336cb1279645dda2dd9.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Effects of Trichoderma Fungi on Growth and Productivity of Rapeseed in Late-Season Cultivation of East-Azarbaijan Cold Climate Effects of Trichoderma Fungi on Growth and Productivity of Rapeseed in Late-Season Cultivation of East-Azarbaijan Cold Climate 89 98 99291 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.373101.655065 FA Bahman Pasban Eslam 1- Associate Professor of Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-6116-5392 Laleh Naraghi 2- Associate Professor of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5767-2498 Journal Article 2024 02 26 The current research aimed to study the effect of delaying the fall planting date of rapeseed in cold climates using Trichoderma fungi. An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on an RCBD design with three replications using the Ahmadi cultivar in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center for two years (2021-23). The main factor was planting date including apropos (11 and 21 September) and late cultivation (1 and 11 October), and the sub-factor was Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) treatment including control, seed, and soil treatments. Delaying the planting date from 11 September to 11 October by increasing 20.7 percent in cold damage led to a decrease in seed and oil yields by 1425 and 676 Kg ha-1, respectively. The soil and seed treatment with fungi significantly increased plant growth rate and chlorophyll and decreased cold damage during winter from 35.2 in control (unused fungi) to 28.7 and 21.3 percent in soil and seed treatment, respectively. In addition, seed and oil yields increased. These effects were higher in seed treatment and seed yield increased by 27 and 27.6 percent on the 11 September and 11 December planting dates, respectively, in soil treatment by fungi. According to the results, using Trichoderma fungi as a seed treatment on 11 October late cultivation date, increased seed yield from 2703.3 to 4128.6 Kg ha-1. The mentioned fungi by increasing fall growth and decreasing cold damage in rapeseed, caused a prevent of significant decrease in seed yield at late cultivations. The current research aimed to study the effect of delaying the fall planting date of rapeseed in cold climates using Trichoderma fungi. An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on an RCBD design with three replications using the Ahmadi cultivar in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center for two years (2021-23). The main factor was planting date including apropos (11 and 21 September) and late cultivation (1 and 11 October), and the sub-factor was Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) treatment including control, seed, and soil treatments. Delaying the planting date from 11 September to 11 October by increasing 20.7 percent in cold damage led to a decrease in seed and oil yields by 1425 and 676 Kg ha-1, respectively. The soil and seed treatment with fungi significantly increased plant growth rate and chlorophyll and decreased cold damage during winter from 35.2 in control (unused fungi) to 28.7 and 21.3 percent in soil and seed treatment, respectively. In addition, seed and oil yields increased. These effects were higher in seed treatment and seed yield increased by 27 and 27.6 percent on the 11 September and 11 December planting dates, respectively, in soil treatment by fungi. According to the results, using Trichoderma fungi as a seed treatment on 11 October late cultivation date, increased seed yield from 2703.3 to 4128.6 Kg ha-1. The mentioned fungi by increasing fall growth and decreasing cold damage in rapeseed, caused a prevent of significant decrease in seed yield at late cultivations.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99291_7da11026a7dc1dd342013742d500946c.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Effects of Application of Vermicompost, Nitroxin, Biosuperphosphate, and Biosulfur on Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Herb in Sustainable Cultivation of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Effects of Application of Vermicompost, Nitroxin, Biosuperphosphate, and Biosulfur on Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Herb in Sustainable Cultivation of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) 99 113 99284 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.368551.655046 FA Hamed Ghasemi Tabasi Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Base Science, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran 0000-0002-8242-6843 Mohammad Taghi Darzi Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Base Science, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran 0000-0002-4018-2932 Mohammad Reza Haj Seyed Hadi Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Base Science, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran 0000-0002-2903-3848 Journal Article 2023 12 01 In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizer application on yield and essential oil composition of the herb in sustainable cultivation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications in Tehran, Iran in 2019. The treatments were 1- vermicompost (10 t ha-1), 2- nitroxin, 3- bio-superphosphate, 4- biosulfur, 5- vermicompost + nitroxin, 6- vermicompost + bio-superphosphate, 7- vermicompost + biosulfur, 8- nitroxin + bio-superphosphate, 9- nitroxin + biosulfur, 10- bio-superphosphate + biosulfur, 11- chemical fertilizer and 12- control (without fertilizer). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits, as the highest herb yield (3833.3 kg ha-1) in integrated treatment of 10 t ha-1 vermicompost and nitroxin and the highest essential oil content (0.254%) and essential oil yield (7.70 kg ha-1) in integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate were obtained. In an investigation of essential oil components, the highest caryophyllene oxide content (40.13%) in control, the highest trimethyl-2-pentadecanone content (37.89%) in combined treatment of vermicompost and bio-superphosphate, the highest n-decanal content (11.84%) and E-caryophyllene content (8.18%) in the integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate, the highest hexadecanoic acid content (7.95%) in treatment of bio-superphosphate and the highest dodecanal content (11.27%) in treatment of chemical fertilizer were obtained. In general, the results of this study showed that the application of some bio and organic fertilizers, specially integrated using nitroxin and bio-superphosphate in comparison to chemical fertilizer had a considerable role in increasing of yield and quantity and quality of essential oil of coriander herb. In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizer application on yield and essential oil composition of the herb in sustainable cultivation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications in Tehran, Iran in 2019. The treatments were 1- vermicompost (10 t ha-1), 2- nitroxin, 3- bio-superphosphate, 4- biosulfur, 5- vermicompost + nitroxin, 6- vermicompost + bio-superphosphate, 7- vermicompost + biosulfur, 8- nitroxin + bio-superphosphate, 9- nitroxin + biosulfur, 10- bio-superphosphate + biosulfur, 11- chemical fertilizer and 12- control (without fertilizer). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits, as the highest herb yield (3833.3 kg ha-1) in integrated treatment of 10 t ha-1 vermicompost and nitroxin and the highest essential oil content (0.254%) and essential oil yield (7.70 kg ha-1) in integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate were obtained. In an investigation of essential oil components, the highest caryophyllene oxide content (40.13%) in control, the highest trimethyl-2-pentadecanone content (37.89%) in combined treatment of vermicompost and bio-superphosphate, the highest n-decanal content (11.84%) and E-caryophyllene content (8.18%) in the integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate, the highest hexadecanoic acid content (7.95%) in treatment of bio-superphosphate and the highest dodecanal content (11.27%) in treatment of chemical fertilizer were obtained. In general, the results of this study showed that the application of some bio and organic fertilizers, specially integrated using nitroxin and bio-superphosphate in comparison to chemical fertilizer had a considerable role in increasing of yield and quantity and quality of essential oil of coriander herb.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99284_7a83c8ea19d1e853bc6302279a31a017.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Genetic Diversity of Bread Wheat Genotypes and Relationship between Agronomic Traits using Multivariate Analysis Genetic Diversity of Bread Wheat Genotypes and Relationship between Agronomic Traits using Multivariate Analysis 133 148 99289 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.370255.655054 FA Hossein Dashti Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran. 0000-0002-3594-4955 Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran, 0000-0002-0974-4677 Mohammad Reza Bihamta Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-0614-0963 Journal Article 2024 01 01 Germplasm improvement and genetic diversity are fundamental solutions for reliable and sustainable production of field crops. To study the genetic diversity and the relationship between agronomic traits, 800 winter bread wheat genotypes along with five varieties of Falat, Sardari, Roshan, Zare, and Pishgam in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Vali –e- Asr University in Rafsanjan were evaluated in an augmented design. Cluster analysis was conducted by two methods k-Means and fuzzy clustering. The studied genotypes were divided into 4 groups in both methods. The traits were including biological weight, seed yield, harvest index, height, spike length, and seed weight per spike were respectively the most important in grouping the genotypes in both clustering methods. In the regression analysis, the traits of days to flowering and days to ripening, spike length, biological yield, number of seeds and weight of seeds per spike, 1000 kernel weight, and harvest index accounted for 85.89% of the total variation in grain yield. The traits of Biological yield and harvest index had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. Based on the results, some genotypes were superior to control cultivars based on a number of traits, especially seed yield and its components. These genotypes can be considered as candidate genotypes in breeding programs in Rafsanjan climate conditions Key Words: Genetic diversity, yield, path analysis, k-means, fuzzy clustering Germplasm improvement and genetic diversity are fundamental solutions for reliable and sustainable production of field crops. To study the genetic diversity and the relationship between agronomic traits, 800 winter bread wheat genotypes along with five varieties of Falat, Sardari, Roshan, Zare, and Pishgam in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Vali –e- Asr University in Rafsanjan were evaluated in an augmented design. Cluster analysis was conducted by two methods k-Means and fuzzy clustering. The studied genotypes were divided into 4 groups in both methods. The traits were including biological weight, seed yield, harvest index, height, spike length, and seed weight per spike were respectively the most important in grouping the genotypes in both clustering methods. In the regression analysis, the traits of days to flowering and days to ripening, spike length, biological yield, number of seeds and weight of seeds per spike, 1000 kernel weight, and harvest index accounted for 85.89% of the total variation in grain yield. The traits of Biological yield and harvest index had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. Based on the results, some genotypes were superior to control cultivars based on a number of traits, especially seed yield and its components. These genotypes can be considered as candidate genotypes in breeding programs in Rafsanjan climate conditions Key Words: Genetic diversity, yield, path analysis, k-means, fuzzy clustering

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99289_51d563d73163db9b1a4e34cfb1e0858e.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Photosynthetic and biochemical response of Kochia (Bassia scoparia L.) seedlings to cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics stresses Photosynthetic and biochemical response of Kochia (Bassia scoparia L.) seedlings to cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics stresses 149 160 99288 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.370559.655055 FA Ali Sepehri Department of Plant Production and Genetics,, Faculty of Agriculture,, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan,, Iran 0000-0002-3815-3198 Atefeh Mirzaei Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture,, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan,, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 07 Contamination of agricultural soils with microplastics and cadmium as an important environmental issue is causing oxidative stress in plants. In this research, the physiological and biochemical reactions of Kochia (Bassia scoparia L.) seedlings under the above stresses. The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications, in the Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University in 2022. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics were used at three levels of 0, 0.1 and 1 percent by weight of soil and cadmium (CdCl2) at two levels of 0 and 10 mg/kg of soil. The results of this research showed that by increasing the amount of cadmium to 10 mg in the presence of 0, 0.1 and 1 percent of microplastics, the amount of total chlorophyll decreased, which caused a decrease in the rate of net photosynthesis and transpiration of Kochia seedlings and as a result decreased the total dry weight of the plant. Microplastic and cadmium stress increased ion leakage, malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide activity. In plants exposed to the simultaneous stress of microplastics and cadmium, total phenol increased compared to the control (without cadmium), so that with the increase of cadmium concentration from zero to 10 mg, the amount of total phenol increased by 40.72 per cent. In general, soil contamination with polyvinyl chloride microplastics, especially in high amounts increases the availability of the heavy metal cadmium and causes an increase in the intensity of stress in Kochia seedlings. Contamination of agricultural soils with microplastics and cadmium as an important environmental issue is causing oxidative stress in plants. In this research, the physiological and biochemical reactions of Kochia (Bassia scoparia L.) seedlings under the above stresses. The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications, in the Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University in 2022. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics were used at three levels of 0, 0.1 and 1 percent by weight of soil and cadmium (CdCl2) at two levels of 0 and 10 mg/kg of soil. The results of this research showed that by increasing the amount of cadmium to 10 mg in the presence of 0, 0.1 and 1 percent of microplastics, the amount of total chlorophyll decreased, which caused a decrease in the rate of net photosynthesis and transpiration of Kochia seedlings and as a result decreased the total dry weight of the plant. Microplastic and cadmium stress increased ion leakage, malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide activity. In plants exposed to the simultaneous stress of microplastics and cadmium, total phenol increased compared to the control (without cadmium), so that with the increase of cadmium concentration from zero to 10 mg, the amount of total phenol increased by 40.72 per cent. In general, soil contamination with polyvinyl chloride microplastics, especially in high amounts increases the availability of the heavy metal cadmium and causes an increase in the intensity of stress in Kochia seedlings.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99288_e0eae9adba02caa9f18c47a7c8f78c98.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Comparision the Effectiveness of Sampling Methods, the Shape and Size of Quadrat for Estimating Weed Population in Corn Fields under Different Irrigation Systems Comparision the Effectiveness of Sampling Methods, the Shape and Size of Quadrat for Estimating Weed Population in Corn Fields under Different Irrigation Systems 161 179 99287 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.371039.655057 FA Mahdi Ghafari Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0009-0007-9363-5468 Mostafa Oveisi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-0742-5485 Hassan Alizadeh Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0002-5685-6567 Journal Article 2024 01 16 In weed management planning, the most important step is to know the weed population, which starts with sampling. In order to investigate the effectiveness of random, zigzag and diagonal sampling methods with 28, 29, and 28 sampling units, respectively, the shape (square and rectangle) and the size of the square (0.25 square meters and one square meter) for estimating the weed population of corn fields under drip, Furrow, and sprinkler irrigation systems, a research was conducted in 2020 in six corn (Zea mays L.) fields. In order to estimate the accuracy of the sampling methods, first, the studied area was gridded with the standard grid sampling method of 5 m × 5 m (171 sampling points) and at the intersection of the lines using a square quadrat (100 × 100 cm), an area equal to one square meter. The data related to the species density and diversity of weed seedlings by species were recorded at the four-leaf stage of corn and before herbicide application in one stage. The results showed that regardless of the quadrat shape and sampling methods, one square meter quadrats had a better estimate of species diversity and weed population density in corn fields under three irrigation systems. But when only weed density is considered, the use of a rectangular square of 0.25 m2 (100 × 25 cm) was able to estimate weed density with acceptable accuracy. Due to the different pattern of soil wetting in different irrigation systems and consequently the appearance of weeds and the way of navigation in each sampling method, the sampling methods showed different estimates of the population density of weeds; so that the diagonal sampling method in the drip irrigation system and the sampling methods Zigzag and random in sprinkler and furrow irrigation systems showed less error compared to standard grid sampling method. Meanwhile, in the investigation of single weed species, the diagonal systematic sampling method in all three irrigation systems showed the least error in the accuracy of the density estimation of the studied species compared to the standard grid method. In weed management planning, the most important step is to know the weed population, which starts with sampling. In order to investigate the effectiveness of random, zigzag and diagonal sampling methods with 28, 29, and 28 sampling units, respectively, the shape (square and rectangle) and the size of the square (0.25 square meters and one square meter) for estimating the weed population of corn fields under drip, Furrow, and sprinkler irrigation systems, a research was conducted in 2020 in six corn (Zea mays L.) fields. In order to estimate the accuracy of the sampling methods, first, the studied area was gridded with the standard grid sampling method of 5 m × 5 m (171 sampling points) and at the intersection of the lines using a square quadrat (100 × 100 cm), an area equal to one square meter. The data related to the species density and diversity of weed seedlings by species were recorded at the four-leaf stage of corn and before herbicide application in one stage. The results showed that regardless of the quadrat shape and sampling methods, one square meter quadrats had a better estimate of species diversity and weed population density in corn fields under three irrigation systems. But when only weed density is considered, the use of a rectangular square of 0.25 m2 (100 × 25 cm) was able to estimate weed density with acceptable accuracy. Due to the different pattern of soil wetting in different irrigation systems and consequently the appearance of weeds and the way of navigation in each sampling method, the sampling methods showed different estimates of the population density of weeds; so that the diagonal sampling method in the drip irrigation system and the sampling methods Zigzag and random in sprinkler and furrow irrigation systems showed less error compared to standard grid sampling method. Meanwhile, in the investigation of single weed species, the diagonal systematic sampling method in all three irrigation systems showed the least error in the accuracy of the density estimation of the studied species compared to the standard grid method.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99287_ff71f5f3d3122c7f8c6c47190817e9c3.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Evaluation of Energy and Environmental Indices with a Life Cycle Approach for the Production of Corn (Grain and Silage): A Case Study in Alborz Province Evaluation of Energy and Environmental Indices with a Life Cycle Approach for the Production of Corn (Grain and Silage): A Case Study in Alborz Province 181 195 99290 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.371290.655059 FA Nima Shahbazi Ph.D. of crop ecology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0001-9985-701X Naser Majnoun Hosseini professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural. University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0003-2807-9673 Mohammad Reza Jahansouz professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0001-8536-5911 Journal Article 2024 01 20 Agriculture and the production of resource-intensive crops, such as corn, account for a significant portion of energy consumption and adverse environmental effects. This study was conducted with the aim of examining energy and environmental indices, as well as the influential factors affecting them, in Alborz Province. In this regard, all necessary information was collected from the research farm and other corn (grain and Silage) producers, including all inputs used per hectare in each cultivation system. The approach of this study was life cycle assessment, and the methodology was based on ReCiPe 2016. The results indicated that the input energy for corn (grain and Silage) was 30029.63 and 24378.87 MJ. ha-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the output energy in these systems was 142590 and 277380 MJ. ha-1, revealing a higher net energy gain in Silage corn cultivation. The energy ratio for grain corn and Silage was 4.75 and 11.38, respectively. The largest share of environmental emissions, such as global warming and human health damages, was associated with chemical nitrogen fertilizers and diesel fuel. Additionally, grain corn, with its higher input consumption, contributed more to damages to human health, the environment, and resources. To improve the energy ratio and reduce adverse environmental effects, optimizing the use and production of inputs based on precision agriculture and enhancing agricultural performance through integrated and sustainable management should be prioritized. Agriculture and the production of resource-intensive crops, such as corn, account for a significant portion of energy consumption and adverse environmental effects. This study was conducted with the aim of examining energy and environmental indices, as well as the influential factors affecting them, in Alborz Province. In this regard, all necessary information was collected from the research farm and other corn (grain and Silage) producers, including all inputs used per hectare in each cultivation system. The approach of this study was life cycle assessment, and the methodology was based on ReCiPe 2016. The results indicated that the input energy for corn (grain and Silage) was 30029.63 and 24378.87 MJ. ha-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the output energy in these systems was 142590 and 277380 MJ. ha-1, revealing a higher net energy gain in Silage corn cultivation. The energy ratio for grain corn and Silage was 4.75 and 11.38, respectively. The largest share of environmental emissions, such as global warming and human health damages, was associated with chemical nitrogen fertilizers and diesel fuel. Additionally, grain corn, with its higher input consumption, contributed more to damages to human health, the environment, and resources. To improve the energy ratio and reduce adverse environmental effects, optimizing the use and production of inputs based on precision agriculture and enhancing agricultural performance through integrated and sustainable management should be prioritized.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99290_08cf859efeb56ab45ff96fd8c814b1de.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Investigating the Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) and Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus) in Intercropping with Wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Different Tillage Systems Investigating the Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia) and Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus) in Intercropping with Wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Different Tillage Systems 197 210 99394 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.373410.655067 FA Ekhlas Amini Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran 0000-0001-8162-1084 Alireza Taab Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran 0000-0002-8525-2180 Emanuele Radicetti Researcher, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy 0000-0001-8654-3177 Journal Article 2024 03 05 To investigate the quantitative and qualitative traits of bitter vetch, grass pea, and wheat intercropped under different tillage systems, a split-plot field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field trials were performed at the research farm of Ilam University in the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The tillage systems (no-tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage) were assigned to main plots and the planting pattern at six levels (monoculture of wheat with weeds, monoculture of wheat without weeds, intercropping of 100% wheat+ 50% bitter vetch, 100% wheat+ 50% grass pea and monoculture of bitter vetch and grass pea) were assigned to sub-plots. The results showed that the highest wheat grain yield was obtained in wheat monoculture without weeds under minimum tillage (8.78 t ha-1) and the highest forage yield of bitter vetch (7.80 t ha-1) was observed in monoculture of bitter vetch under minimum tillage condition. The highest forage yield (4.08 and 3.98 t ha-1) of grass pea was observed in both minimum tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively. Intercropping patterns increased wheat grain protein concentration by 9.12%. Monoculture of legumes, compared to intercropping, led to improvement in forage quality by increasing protein, phosphorus, and calcium concentrations, and decreasing of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The land equality ratio was more than one in all intercropping patterns of wheat and legumes indicating the advantage of intercropping patterns over monoculture for land use and increased crop yield. In conclusion, the intercropping of wheat with bitter vetch under a minimum tillage system can be considered an appropriate environmentally-friendly approach for crop yield improvement. To investigate the quantitative and qualitative traits of bitter vetch, grass pea, and wheat intercropped under different tillage systems, a split-plot field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The field trials were performed at the research farm of Ilam University in the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The tillage systems (no-tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage) were assigned to main plots and the planting pattern at six levels (monoculture of wheat with weeds, monoculture of wheat without weeds, intercropping of 100% wheat+ 50% bitter vetch, 100% wheat+ 50% grass pea and monoculture of bitter vetch and grass pea) were assigned to sub-plots. The results showed that the highest wheat grain yield was obtained in wheat monoculture without weeds under minimum tillage (8.78 t ha-1) and the highest forage yield of bitter vetch (7.80 t ha-1) was observed in monoculture of bitter vetch under minimum tillage condition. The highest forage yield (4.08 and 3.98 t ha-1) of grass pea was observed in both minimum tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively. Intercropping patterns increased wheat grain protein concentration by 9.12%. Monoculture of legumes, compared to intercropping, led to improvement in forage quality by increasing protein, phosphorus, and calcium concentrations, and decreasing of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The land equality ratio was more than one in all intercropping patterns of wheat and legumes indicating the advantage of intercropping patterns over monoculture for land use and increased crop yield. In conclusion, the intercropping of wheat with bitter vetch under a minimum tillage system can be considered an appropriate environmentally-friendly approach for crop yield improvement.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99394_c91c7695b7f1294aa11c32c48ed0f469.pdf

Univrsity of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 2008-4811 55 3 2024 09 22 Screening and evaluation of wild accessions of Ae. tauschii using morphophysiological traits on salinity stress Screening and evaluation of wild accessions of Ae. tauschii using morphophysiological traits on salinity stress 211 227 99393 10.22059/ijfcs.2024.372153.655063 FA Tayebeh Shamsini-Ghiyasvand Genetics and Plant Breeding, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0000-0000-0001 Sedigheh Fabriki-Ourang Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0001-5995-3752 Jafar Ahmadi Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0002-2709-9392 Ali-Ashraf Mehrabi Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Shahed University, Tehran 0000-0002-0060-3114 Journal Article 2024 02 04 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on changes in morpho-physiological traits of 109 accessions of Aegilops tauschii collected from different regions of the world, along with two check cultivars, Arg (salinity tolerant) and Darya (salinity sensitive). For this purpose, a factorial experiment with two levels of salinity (zero and 300 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 111 genotypes (109 accessions and two check cultivars) as the second factor was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. After salt stress treatment, some morpho-physiological traits were measured and the results were analyzed. Analysis of variance results showed that the studied accessions differed significally from each other (p≤0.01) in terms of all traits (shoot and root sodium, shoot and root potassium, shoot potassium to sodium ratio, leaf chlorophyll content, shoot fresh and dry biomass, and root fresh and dry biomass), except for the root potassium to sodium ratio. The effect of salinity stress on the aforementioned traits was also significant (p ≤ 0.01) except for root potassium. In total, some accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan showed acceptable performance in terms of the studied traits under salt stress conditions, when compared to the resistant check cultivar Arg. In addition, the dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis and the survey of subgroup averages showed that the accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan had greater resistance and tolerance to salinity stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on changes in morpho-physiological traits of 109 accessions of Aegilops tauschii collected from different regions of the world, along with two check cultivars, Arg (salinity tolerant) and Darya (salinity sensitive). For this purpose, a factorial experiment with two levels of salinity (zero and 300 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 111 genotypes (109 accessions and two check cultivars) as the second factor was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. After salt stress treatment, some morpho-physiological traits were measured and the results were analyzed. Analysis of variance results showed that the studied accessions differed significally from each other (p≤0.01) in terms of all traits (shoot and root sodium, shoot and root potassium, shoot potassium to sodium ratio, leaf chlorophyll content, shoot fresh and dry biomass, and root fresh and dry biomass), except for the root potassium to sodium ratio. The effect of salinity stress on the aforementioned traits was also significant (p ≤ 0.01) except for root potassium. In total, some accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan showed acceptable performance in terms of the studied traits under salt stress conditions, when compared to the resistant check cultivar Arg. In addition, the dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis and the survey of subgroup averages showed that the accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan had greater resistance and tolerance to salinity stress.

https://ijfcs.ut.ac.ir/article_99393_3e2ec99231949e52d2c83cb6b6984e3e.pdf